Despite its clarity and eloquence, Woodward’s wonderful book does not wear its virtues on its sleeve. You need the whole shirt. I aim to let those virtues show a bit more, and that requires some background to explain what Woodward has accomplished. Philosophical theories come chiefly in two flavors, Socratic and Euclidean. Socratic philosophical theories, whose paradigm is The Meno, advance an ...

The article describes the creative heritage of great Turkish philosopher and sociologist Hilmi Ziya Ulken (1901–1974). His work includes fundamental works on both theory history philosophy. Ulken’s devoted to philosophy broadly reflect interrelationship Eastern Muslim Western philosophy, as well influence thought. considered religious philosophical trends, such Sufism, Fiqh, Kalam, scientific t...

before an outstanding article in 1999 by richard holton, weakness of will was identified as an agent's action contrary to his or her better judgment, while other better choices are available. the contemporary account of weakness of will (i.e., holton’s theory) explains it in terms of intention. accordingly, weakness of will happens if an agent fails to stick to his or her previously formed inte...

The growing literature on philosophical thought experiments has so far focused almost exclusively on the role of thought experiments in confirming or refuting philosophical hypotheses or theories. In this paper we draw attention to an additional and largely ignored role that thought experiments frequently play in our philosophical practice: some thought experiments do not merely serve as means ...

Albert Einstein was a subjectivistic mathematical idealist. His physics consisted of mathematical models of the subject’s ideas—his sensations and measurements. Einstein’s “objective reality” was intersubjective reality—the experiences about which various observers could agree. His “causes” were mental constructs created to systematize the observers’ experiences. He modeled reality as it was ex...

The history of the origins and first developments of string theory, from Veneziano’s formulation of his famous scattering amplitude in 1968 to the socalled first string revolution in 1984, provides invaluable material for philosophical reflection. The reasons why this episode in the history of modern physics – one still largely unknown to the philosophy of science community despite its centrali...

hojatt-ol hagh hakim abolfath-e omar ibn-e ebrahim known as khayyam or khayyami, was a philosopher, mathematician, astrologer, and poet of late fifth-early sixth century a.d. for long he was famous for his scientific features, however, later on his stanzas, were introduced to the world, the west in particular, through the translations provided by the nineteenth century british poet fitzgerald. ...

like volter, french salient author, al- jahiz is a philosopher literate; namely, literary dimension of his personality predominates over his philosophical character. like other great literati and writer of the world, he was a master in all sciences and knowledge of his age including philosophy, speech, politics, and a verity of customs, beliefs and religions and in some of them he was skillful ...