Time-cost trade off problem is one of the highly important issues in project accomplishment and has been ever taken into consideration by project managers. Time and cost as two critical objectives of construction project management, are not independent but intricately related. Time-cost optimization may be defined as a process to identify suitable construction activities for speeding up, and fo...

Beneficial Management Practices (BMPs) are important measures for reducing agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution. However, selection of BMPs for placement in a watershed requires optimizing available resources to maximize possible water quality benefits. Due to its iterative nature, the optimization typically takes a long time to achieve the BMP trade-off results which is not desirable ...