The Melkites, Jacobites, and Nestorians were the main Christian communities under Muslim rule. Several pre-Islamic Arab Christian authors wrote treatises concerning their beliefs in Arabic, some of which date back to the early Islamic centuries. The multiplicity of such polemical works suggests an intellectually open society and a degree of tolerance shown by Muslim leaders. Abu Raʾita...

the political, social, and religious conflicts between the church and the protestants during the renaissance and afterward gave a unique dimension to the works of a large number of european artists such as shakespeare. a few decades later, art critics defined this style under the rubric of baroque. the writers of this article conduct an explanatory analysis of shakespeare’s hamlet in the light ...

I was shocked to hear of Lennart’s recent, sudden, unexpected and tragic death. I knew him to have been ill, but had thought him to have recovered and to be well again. Perhaps it is because I was by training a psychiatrist, and therefore have knowledge of and empathy with the despair and hopelessness that leads to self destruction that I am particularly touched by his death and feel that in so...

the relations of abbasid state and bizans empire were more hostile in rashid era. on the other hand, the good understanding of abbasid and westerns was one of the most important reasons of this hostility because they were very frightened of their cooperation and this factor continued until mamun era. great sharlman succeeded his father, pepin, and in this era, his relation with ghostantaniyyeh ...

Nasir Khosrow embarks upon a seven year journey in order to come to terms with his spiritual crisis. The quest was the inevitable outcome of the tensions and conflicts between Nasir and the institutionalized forms of power and knowledge. The tensions lead to the formation of a series of binary oppositions—verbal and nonverbal—within the text of his travelogue. The researchers have analyzed the ...

André, and some of the art dealers of the time. They visited him frequently and brought interesting people with them such as Rodin and Matisse, who visited Cagnes-sur-Mer a couple of times (fig 17). His cook and his chauffeur were devoted to him. The cook carried him in her arms around the house or garden, and his chauffeur drove him everywhere until the last months of his life, stopping at all...

molavi's theological and mystical point of view on determinism is different. he criticizes of theological determinism, but advocates of mystical determinism. molavi refuses the determinists' belief about determinism because it has unfavorable results in worldly and eternal life. but he accepts the free and amorous determinism of mystics. his reasons in refusing theological determinism...

Tabaristan (current Mazandaran), in northern Iran and the south of the Caspian Sea, is considered as one of the scientific and medical centers in both scientific and Islamic worlds. The emergence of numerous scholars in this area indicates the centrality of science in this amazing geography. One of the greatest men of this land is Abolhassan Ahmad bin Mohammad Tabari Taranji. Information about ...