Our understanding of the signalling mechanisms involved in the process of stomatal closure is reviewed. Work has concentrated on the mechanisms by which abscisic acid (ABA) induces changes in specific ion channels at both the plasmalemma and the tonoplast, leading to efflux of both K+ and anions at both membranes, requiring four essential changes. For each we need to identify the specific chann...

there are various causes for inflation in macroeconomics. one of the important channels of experiencing inflation is through the international economy caused by external shocks. in this context, the impact of exchange rate volatilities on domestic prices known as exchange rate pass-through (erpt) plays a vital role. the present paper deals with the impact of exchange rate pass-through on inflat...

1. Intracellular recordings, in conjunction with fura-2 fluorescence imaging, were used to evaluate the contribution of the different Ca2+ channel subtypes to the Ca2+ influx induced by back-propagating trains of action potentials. High-threshold channels contributed mainly to Ca2+ influx in pyramidal cell somata and proximal dendrites, whereas low-threshold and other Ni(2+)-sensitive channels ...

There are various causes for inflation in macroeconomics. One of the important channels of experiencing inflation is through the international economy caused by external shocks. In this context, the impact of exchange rate volatilities on domestic prices known as Exchange Rate Pass-Through (ERPT) plays a vital role. The present paper deals with the impact of Exchange Rate Pass-Through on inflat...

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) reports on the water status of the plant and induces stomatal closure. Guard cell anion channels play a central role in this response, because they mediate anion efflux, and in turn, cause a depolarization-induced K+ release. We recorded early steps in ABA signaling, introducing multibarreled microelectrodes in guard cells of intact plants. Upon external ABA...

Transposition errors fundamentally undermine reliability and capacity in molecular communication, when individual particles are used for information encoding. Recently, several channel coding techniques have been proposed for mitigating the transposition effect. The presented techniques show promising results for diffusion-based channels with drift. However, so far no performance evaluation has...

Plant gas exchange with the environment is facilitated by stomata, small pores found on most aerial surfaces of land plants. Stomatal pores are formed between a pair of specialized guard cells. In C3 plants, open stomata allow the uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis during the day and at the same time the loss of water vapor, maintaining the transpiration stream. At night and during drought, plant...

In this paper, a two-tier cellular communication wireless network is characterized by overlapping the service area for managing the new calls users having different mobility speed. The overlapping property of the two-tier system provides the advantages that share the traffic load to improve the efficiency of new calls subscriber with reservation of channels (guard channels) in cell to handle th...

Plant gas exchange with the environment is facilitated by stomata, small pores found on most aerial surfaces of land plants. Stomatal pores are formed between a pair of specialized guard cells. In C3 plants, open stomata allow the uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis during the day and at the same time the loss of water vapor, maintaining the transpiration stream. At night and during drought, plant...

Whole-cell patch clamp recording was used to characterize calcium currents in Purkinje cells dissociated from the cerebellar vermis of 1-3-week postnatal rats. A subset of Purkinje cells had a low-threshold, transient current similar to the T-type current in peripheral neurons. All Purkinje cells had a high-threshold, slowly inactivating current. Only a small component of the high-threshold cur...