Recent natural disasters such as earthquakes, flood, and fire, and other issues such as asbestos, pests, and fraud all highlight the spatial nature of risk and the relationship between place and risk. These examples show that location is a major factor in determining what or where is at risk and how to manage that risk. In this paper the term risk refers to hazards and threats that exist that h...

The problems regarding borders are more pervasive among the postcolonial states. One of reasons for this is that most these states were drawn by their colonisers who paid little to no regard local realities. This article focused on one such colonial border, i.e., between India and Nepal. It will highlight relation drawing colonialism. also discuss complicit role international law in maintaining...

Cellular automata (CA) models are used for simulating land use change for more than two decades. These models have a simple structure based on a cellular partition of space, considering a finite set of cell states (or land uses) and their interaction within a given neighborhood area, changing throughout time under a set of transition rules. Transition rules are based on more or less sophisticat...

In international law and relations, ownership of territory is significant because sovereignty over land defines what constitutes a state. Additionally, as Machiavelli suggested, territorial acquisition is one of the goals of most states. The benefits of having territory, though, are only as great as a state’s borders are clear, because a state’s boundaries must be well defined for the modern st...