Yolk sac infection (YSI) and dead-in-shell mortality caused by Enterobacteriaceae in birds are not a rare phenomenon, however there are only a few reports indicating the association between these conditions and Klebsiella spp. among canary chicks (Serinus canaria). There have been reports of high mortality among 1-3 day old canary chicks in an indoor flock of canaries. In order to study the cau...

Twenty Nail Dystrophy (TND) is a rare acquired idiopathic nail dystrophy characterized by excess longitudinal ridging, distal notching, splitting, loss of nail luster and thinning of nail plates that may affect 1 to 20 nails. It occurs as a common manifestation of various dermatoses affecting the nail unit like lichen planus, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, onychomycosis, vitiligo and alopecia ar...

Liposomes, spherical vesicles consisting of one or more phospholipid bilayers, were first described in the mid 60s by Bangham and coworkers. Since then, liposomes have made their way to the market. Today, numerous lab scale but only a few large-scale techniques are available. However, a lot of these methods have serious limitations in terms of entrapment of sensitive molecules due to their expo...

Background & Importance: Iniencephaly is a rare cranio-cervical deformity. It belongs to neural tube defects. This disorder is characterized by a retroflexion of head, a very short neck, varying degrees of incomplete posterior closure of vertebrae and cervical and thoracic spinal synostosis. This malformation is associated with central nervous system and systemic malformations. Most o...