The U.S. Government has pledged to spend $15 billion in Africa and the Caribbean on AIDS. A central focus of this plan is to provide antiretroviral treatment (ART) to millions. Here, we evaluate whether the plan to rollout ART in Africa is likely to generate an epidemic of drug-resistant strains of HIV. We review what has occurred as a result of high usage of ART in developed countries in terms...

Experimental mechanisms that yield the growth of homochiral copolymers over their heterochiral counterparts have been advocated by Lahav and co-workers. These chiral amplification mechanisms proceed through racemic β-sheet-controlled polymerization operative in both surface crystallites as well as in solution. We develop two complementary theoretical models for these template-induced desymmetri...

Our long-term scientific goal is to develop sound theoretical models for submarine sediment movement that can be used to predict the initiation, spatial development, and time duration of mud flows and turbidity currents. Of great interest are the characteristics of the sedimentary deposits that these flows generate, in particular their capability to develop bed forms and gullies by means of sed...

Regular spatial patterning is common in nature, and various mechanisms of self-organization have been proposed to explain regular patterning. We report on regular spatial patterning in Carex stricta in a freshwater wetland and investigate the applicability of theoretical models that explain regular patterning based on inhibition, facilitation, or interaction between the two. Spectral analysis o...

The intracellular environment imposes a variety of constraints on biochemical reaction systems that can substantially change reaction rates and equilibria relative to an ideal solution-based environment. One of the most notable features of the intracellular environment is its dense macromolecular crowding, which, among many other effects, tends to strongly enhance binding and assembly reactions...

We present a Moran-model approach to modeling general multiallelic selection in a finite population and show how it may be used to develop theoretical models of biological systems of balancing selection such as plant gametophytic self-incompatibility loci. We propose new expressions for the stationary distribution of allele frequencies under selection and use them to show that the continuous-ti...

We introduce an asymptotic formula for calculating quantum mechanical and quantum theoretical models with caustics, like the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio(NJL) model. This asymptotic formula is given by the form attached the extra term, which suppresses the divergence induced because of caustics, to the leading term of the WKB approximation. This formula guarantees validity of the mean field approximation...

The polyaromatic hydrocarbon coronene has been the molecule of choice for understanding the physical properties of graphene for over a decade. The modelling of the latter by the former was considered to be valid, as since it was first synthesised in 1932, the physical behaviour of coronene has been determined extremely accurately. We recently discovered however, an unforeseen polymorph of coron...

This study examines the conceptualization and manipulation of the argument quality construct in previous tests of the Elaboration Likelihood Model conducted by Petty and Cacioppo and their associates. A conceptual definition of argument quality is developed, borrowing from McGuire's (1960) and Fishbein and Ajzen's (1975) accounts of the attitude change process. The results of an experiment sugg...

Avoidance is a key characteristic of adaptive and maladaptive fear. Here, we review past and contemporary theories of avoidance learning. Based on the theories, experimental findings and clinical observations reviewed, we distill key principles of how adaptive and maladaptive avoidance behavior is acquired and maintained. We highlight clinical implications of avoidance learning theories and des...