As a measure of rationalization in the Ottoman central chancery after Eğri campaign 1596, forty imperial council secretaries (divan-ı hümayun katipleri) were granted permanent exemption from service required by their status as zeamet-holders. An archive register, KK 7530, lists these holders ‘a position one 40’ (kırklı gedikliler) and names 29 others who succeeded to vacancies this group betwee...

Because the establishment of private enterprises has been allowed by Chinese government since 1980s, management successions have occurred in a large number family firms recent years. Grounded upper echelons theory and considering generational differences between founders successors, it is expected that initiation within-family succession will lead to significant changes firms’ CSR strategies. A...

Earlier generations can jeopardise the opportunities, resources and well-being of their successors. Indeed, there is a growing unease with earlier leaving large-scale public debts to be paid by younger generations, many worry that our policies institutions are being shaped advantage interests older at expense young. While much theoretical (and empirical) literature now exists on ways in which u...

CCAM is an access method for general networks. It uses connectivity clustering. The nodes of the network are assigned to disk pages via the graph partitioning approach to maximize the CRR, i.e., the chances that a pair of connected nodes are allocated to a common page of the le. CCAM supports the operations of insert, delete, create, and nd as well as the new operations, get-A-successor and get...

In heuristic search and especially in optimal classical planning the computation of accurate heuristic values can take up the majority of runtime. In many cases, the heuristic computations for a search node and its successors are very similar, leading to significant duplication of effort. For example most landmarks of a node that are computed by the LM-cut algorithm are also landmarks for the n...