This study introduces a new data set on personalism in ruling parties across the world’s democracies. We conceptualize party as extent to which are vehicles advance leaders’ personal political careers such that leader has more control over than do other senior elites and compare this concept with related ones. After describing measurement strategy demonstrating reliability validity, we show glo...

We define ruling invariants for even-valence Legendrian graphs in standard contact three-space. prove that rulings exist if and only the DGA of graph, introduced by first two authors, has an augmentation. set up usual polynomials various notions gradedness graph is four-valent, then ungraded polynomial appears Kauffman-Vogel's version Kauffman polynomial. Our are compatible with certain vertex-...