Abstract This article develops foundations for a new typology of nominal expressions. Despite the significant diversity attested in languages around world, view traditionally and sometimes still found holds that either have ‘classic’, rigidly structured noun phrases (NPs) or lack them. A simple dichotomy, however, does not adequately represent language-internal crosslinguistic forms functions W...

in this article, according to the 5 transcriptions of iranian vocal masters, we try to observe some of various functions of tahrir in iranian classical music with comparative - analytic method and schenkerian analysis. the goal of usage schenkerian analysis is to interpret the underlying structure of tahrirs by showing hierarchical relationships among tones, and also drawing the graphs  of redu...