the qara-khitai government of kerman was founded by the efforts of borāq hājib in about 1223 a.d (619 a.h.) and was continued by his descendants ruling some parts of kerman and its surroundings over a period of 80 years (from1223 to 1305). despite the chaotic situation in iran during 13th century, the rulers of this new-founded government not only protected their own territory from mongol invas...

Impressive images of a ferocious deity holding cleaver and skullcup emerged in precolonial Sumatra. The is depicted with female partner on the sword Mandākinī, as monumental statue found at Dharmāśraya Sumatran highlands. These are often said to represent (the Śivaite) Bhairava king Ādityavarman (c. 1294–1374), but they have overt marks Buddhist affiliation. It shown here that Vajramahākāla, de...

UDP-GlcNAc acyltransferase (LpxA), the first enzyme of lipid A biosynthesis, catalyzes the transfer of an acyl chain activated on acyl carrier protein (ACP) to UDP-GlcNAc. LpxAs are very selective for the lengths of their acyl donor substrates. Escherichia coli LpxA prefers R-3-hydroxymyristoyl-ACP to R-3-hydroxydecanoyl-ACP by a factor of approximately 1000, whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa LpxA...

In this paper we specify Turing machines to serve as clocks, rulers, and randomizers of the most basic complexity classes in such a way that it can be seen as a contribution to the understanding of computational complexity. The article is educational and first ideas about Turing machines, computation and classes are introduced from scratch. However, the expected examples of Turing machine compu...

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The ultimate success of the reconquista (the reconquering of Muslim lands in the Iberian Peninsula from 718-1492) and the ensuing consolidation of Spain beneath the joint rule of Ferdinand and Isabel helped define the course of western civilization. This paper uses the unique institutional organization of Muslim rulers in Iberia to explain the fall of Muslim power in the Peninsula. Through vast...