‎in this paper‎, ‎first we discuss a local stability analysis of model was introduced by p‎. ‎j‎. ‎mumby et‎. ‎al‎. ‎(2007)‎, ‎with $frac{gm^{2}}{m+t}$ as the functional response term‎. ‎we conclude that the grazing intensity is the important parameter to control the existence or extinction of the coral reef‎. ‎next‎, ‎we consider this model under the influence of the time delay as the bifurcat...

Introduction Degradation of the world's coral reefs is one of the most vivid examples of the effects of global environmental damage of marine ecosystems. The major stressors responsible for coral reef decline have been attributed to coastal urban and industrial development, agricultural activity, sedimentation, overharvesting, marine pollution, disease and climate change Reef species experienci...

Wave exposure can influence community structure and distribution of shallow coral reefs, by affecting organisms both directly and indirectly. To assess the current stony coral community condition under different degrees of wave exposure at a marine protected area of the Gulf of Cazones (SW Cuba), two expeditions were carried out in May 2010 and June 2012. Four sampling sites were sampled at ree...

Incentives for coral reef resource use have, historically, been skewed toward extractive options that yield private returns, and against protection options that provide predominantly public good benefits. The consequence of this incentive imbalance has been an excessive rate of coral reef resource exploitation and hence an under-supply of protected coral reefs. Numerous policy options, ranging ...

Phase-shifts from one persistent assemblage of species to another have become increasingly commonplace on coral reefs and in many other ecosystems due to escalating human impacts. Coral reef science, monitoring and global assessments have focused mainly on producing detailed descriptions of reef decline, and continue to pay insufficient attention to the underlying processes causing degradation....

The scientific discipline of active restoration of denuded coral reef areas has drawn much attention in the past decade as it became evident that this ecosystem does not often recover naturally from anthropogenic stress without manipulation. Essentially, the choices are eitherthe continuous degradation of the reefs or active restoration to encourage reef development. As a result, worldwide rest...

The structural complexity of coral reefs plays a major role in the biodiversity, productivity, and overall functionality of reef ecosystems. Conventional metrics with 2-dimensional properties are inadequate for characterization of reef structural complexity. A 3-dimensional (3D) approach can better quantify topography, rugosity and other structural characteristics that play an important role in...

We present the first representative and quantified overview of the indices used worldwide for assessing the biodiversity of coral reef fishes. On this basis, we discuss the suitability and drawbacks of the indices most widely used in the assessment of coral fish biodiversity. An extensive and systematic survey of the literature focused on coral reef fish biodiversity was conducted from 1990 up ...

Outbreaks of the coral-killing seastar Acanthaster planci are intense disturbances that can decimate coral reefs. These events consist of the emergence of large swarms of the predatory seastar that feed on reef-building corals, often leading to widespread devastation of coral populations. While cyclic occurrences of such outbreaks are reported from many tropical reefs throughout the Indo-Pacifi...

The increased frequency of publications concerning trophic ecology of coral reefs suggests a degree of interest in the role species and functional groups play in energy flow within these systems. Coral reef ecosystems are particularly complex, however, and assignment of trophic positions requires precise knowledge of mechanisms driving food webs and population dynamics. Competent analytical too...