The main aim of this study is to develop a useful, valid, and reliable two-tier proportional reasoning skill test for middle school 7th 8th-grade students. research was carried out using the sequential explanatory mixed method. group comprised 391 (n7th-grade= 223, n8th-grade= 168) With validity reliability studies, content, face, construct, discriminant validity, coefficient were examined. As ...

The fourth industrial revolution is linked to the 21st century. Education 4.0 must be improved or established in order overcome revolution. main feature of integration technology and STEM program at school. Standard regular assessment evaluation can improve education, including student learning achievement. aim this study was develop valid reliable items for middle school students (MSS). resear...