Glutathione (GSH) homeostasis is important during organogenesis. To elucidate the impact of GSH depletion in organogenesis stage embryos on oxidative stress and drug teratogenicity, l-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO) was given to timed pregnant CD-1 mice 4 h before exposure to a model teratogen, hydroxyurea (HU) [400 mg/kg (HU-400) or 600 mg/kg (HU-600)]. Treatment with BSO or HU alone or with ...

Microglia with increased expression of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR; c-fms) are found surrounding plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in mouse models for AD and after ischemic or traumatic brain injury. Increased expression of M-CSFR causes microglia to adopt an activated state that results in proliferation, release of cytokines, and enhanced phagocytosis. To de...

Maternal-Fetal Toxicology answers many questions about the potential reproductive effects of exposure to possible teratogens. It presents current estimates of the risks of exposure to drugs, chemicals, viruses, and radiation. The book also describes teratogen information programs and details the process of counseling at one such program. In addition, readers are told how to obtain further infor...

Microglia with increased expression of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR; c-fms) are found surrounding plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in mouse models for AD and after ischemic or traumatic brain injury. Increased expression of M-CSFR causes microglia to adopt an activated state that results in proliferation, release of cytokines, and enhanced phagocytosis. To de...

Unintended pregnancy among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with rheumatic disease has higher risk to mother fetus through the itself, contraindications estrogen, high rates of teratogen use. However, because diseases are uncommon, few samples large enough describe risks. Our purpose was risk, use, estrogen AYAs disease. ages 14-26 assigned female at birth were recruited from outpatient pedi...

BACKGROUND Ethanol is a potent teratogen. Its adverse neural effects are partly mediated by disrupting fetal neurogenesis. The teratogenic process is poorly understood, and vulnerable neurogenic stages have not been identified. Identifying these is a prerequisite for therapeutic interventions to mitigate effects of teratogen exposures. METHODS We used flow cytometry and qRT-PCR to screen feta...