The regulation of vascular resistance in fishes has largely been studied using isolated large conductance vessels, yet changes in tissue perfusion/vascular resistance are primarily mediated by the dilation/constriction of small arterioles. Thus we adapted mammalian isolated microvessel techniques for use in fish and examined how several agents affected the tone/resistance of isolated coronary a...

Most animals rely on circadian clocks to synchronize their physiology and behavior with the day/night cycle. Light and temperature are the major physical variables that can synchronize circadian rhythms. Although the effects of light on circadian behavior have been studied in detail in Drosophila, the neuronal mechanisms underlying temperature synchronization of circadian behavior have received...

Ectotherms rely for their body heat on surrounding temperatures. A key question in biology is why most ectotherms mature at a larger size at lower temperatures, a phenomenon known as the temperature-size rule. Since temperature affects virtually all processes in a living organism, current theories to explain this phenomenon are diverse and complex and assert often from opposing assumptions. Alt...

Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) increases in response to local skin heating. Although attenuation of vasoconstrictor responsiveness due to local heating has been demonstrated, the mechanism(s) responsible for this attenuation remains unclear. Nitric oxide has been shown to at least partially contribute to this response, but other mechanisms also may be involved. The purpose of this study w...

In humans, temperature influences taste intensity and quality perception, and thermal stimulation itself may elicit taste sensations. However, peripheral coding mechanisms of taste have generally been examined independently of the influence of temperature. In anesthetized rats, we characterized the single-cell responses of geniculate ganglion neurons to (1) 0.5 M sucrose, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.01 M cit...

Loss of body fat in leptin-treated animals has been attributed to reduced energy intake, increased thermogenesis, and preferential fatty acid oxidation. Leptin does not decrease food intake or body fat in leptin-resistant high-fat (HF)-fed mice, possibly due to a failure of leptin to activate hypothalamic receptors. We measured energy expenditure of male C57BL/6 mice adapted to low-fat (LF) or ...

Responsiveness of the first somatosensory area (SI) of the cerebral cortex was investigated in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) in association with cooling-induced, reversible inactivation of the second somatosensory area, SII. The aim was to determine whether SI responsiveness to peripheral tactile stimulation depends on SII and therefore whether SI and SII in the marmoset occupy hiera...

This study tested the hypothesis that passive heat stress alters cerebrovascular responsiveness to steady-state changes in end-tidal CO(2) (Pet(CO(2))). Nine healthy subjects (4 men and 5 women), each dressed in a water-perfused suit, underwent normoxic hypocapnic hyperventilation (decrease Pet(CO(2)) approximately 20 Torr) and normoxic hypercapnic (increase in Pet(CO(2)) approximately 9 Torr) ...

Companies operating global supply chains in various industries struggle with parallel importers diverting goods from authorized channels to gray markets. While the existing gray market literature mainly focuses on pricing, in this paper we develop a model to examine the role of demand enhancing services as non-price mechanisms for coping with gray markets. We consider a manufacturer that sells ...

In two short-term longitudinal studies, infant expressivity and maternal responsiveness to infant expressivity were examined. In Study 1, thirty-eight dyads visited a laboratory at 11 and 12 months; in Study 2, seventy-seven dyads were visited in their homes at 9 and 13 months. Mother-infant interaction was coded from videotapes of free play in both studies. Infant expressivity and maternal res...