—Precise estimates of past temperatures are critical for understanding the evolution of organisms and the physical biosphere, and data from continental areas are an indispensable complement to the marine record of stable isotopes. Climate is considered to be a primary selective force on leaf morphology, and two widely used methods exist for estimating past mean annual temperatures from assembla...

Background and aim Violence against women is considered as one of the social problems of all countries in the world. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of violence against married women referring to health centers, and determining its related factors in Sanandaj, Iran, in 2015. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 700 married women referred to health centers ...

In this paper, we study the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of expected frequencies under a loop order restriction in an I × J contingency table. Some properties of the MLEs are given and an algorithm for computing the MLEs is detailed. The proposed methods are illustrated by using the data from Wing (1962).

Estimates of ground surface temperature changes and continental energy storage from geothermal data have become well-accepted indicators of climatic changes. These estimates are independent contributions to the ensemble of paleoclimatic reconstructions and have been used for the validation of general circulation models, and as a component of the energy budget accounting of the global climate sy...