Posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants is a natural defense mechanism against virus infection. In mixed infections, virus synergism is proposed to result from suppression of the host defense mechanism by the viruses. Synergistic severe mosaic disease caused by simultaneous infection with isolates of the Cameroon strain of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV-[CM]) and East African ca...

The 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus and that of other plant pararetroviruses gives rise to an RNA, which is both a pre-genome and a polycistronic mRNA. The 600 nucleotide long very structured leader of this RNA is also transcribed separately. The resulting 8S RNA is then converted to a double strand giving rise to a huge set of siRNAs, which suppress silencing. In this Mini-Review I di...

Telfairia occidentalis Hook.f. (Cucurbitaceae) is cultivated in West Africa. The purpose of this article is to review information available in scientific literature on the pharmacological and biological activities of the plant. Searches were made and relevant information obtained from online resources such as Google Scholar, PubMed and Medline. Only literature highlighting the pharmacological, ...

A new member of the genus Potexvirus was fully sequenced and characterized. The virus was isolated from babaco (Vasconcellea x heilbornii), a natural hybrid native to Ecuador. The virus contains a 6,692 nt long genome organized in five open reading frames in an arrangement typical of other potexviruses. Sequence comparisons revealed close relatedness with Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV), Alternathe...

bacillus anthracis as a spore-forming bacterium is the causative agent for anthrax. three proteins from b. anthracis including protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf) and edema factor (ef) are causative factors of this bacteria. to produce plant-based vaccine, fusion protein of pa 4 domain and lf 1 domain via furin cleavage site joined to subunit b vibrio cholera toxin (ctb) as an inducer o...

Double-stranded cDNA of potato virus X (PVX) genomic RNA has been cloned and sequenced. The sequence [6435 nucleotides excluding the poly(A) tract] revealed five open reading frames (ORFs) which were numbered one to five starting at the 5' terminus of the RNA. They encoded proteins of Mr 165588 (166K), 24622 (25K), 12324 (12K), 7595 (8K) and 25080 (coat protein), respectively. ORFs 1 and 2 were...

Cassava mosaic disease is a major constraint to cassava cultivation worldwide. In India, the disease is caused by Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) and Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV). The Agrobacterium Ti plasmid virulence gene virE2, encoding a nuclear-localized, single-stranded DNA binding protein, was introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana to develop tolerance against SLCMV. Leaf di...

Nicotiana benthamiana often displays more intense symptoms after infection by RNA viruses than do other Nicotiana species. Here, we examined the role of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs) in N. benthamiana antiviral defense. cDNAs representing only two genes encoding RdRPs were identified in N. benthamiana. One RdRP was similar in sequence to SDE1/SGS2 required for maintenance of transgene s...

Cassava mosaic disease (CMV), caused by one or a combination of cassava mosaic geminiviruses, is ranked among the most important constraints to profitable and efficient production of cassava. Effective control measures require in-depth knowledge of the viral causative agent. Using rolling-circle amplification and unique enzymes, the full genome of two species of cassava mosaic geminivirus isola...

Ringspot symptoms in European mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.), fig mosaic, rose rosette, raspberry leaf blotch, pigeonpea sterility mosaic (Cajanus cajan) and High Plains disease of maize and wheat were found to be associated with viruses that share several characteristics. They all have single-stranded multipartite RNA genomes of negative orientation. In some cases, double membrane-bound vi...