This study explores the extent to which campaign visibility facilitates electoral participation, using data from firstand second-order elections in Britain. Our contribution to the existing literature is threefold. First, we assess whether the effects of campaign effort are conditioned by marginality, finding that campaign mobilisation gets out the vote regardless of the competitiveness of the ...

endritic cells present antigens during immune responses and are thought to be important in antitumor activity. However, under the influence of the known cancer promoter VEGF-A, dendritic cell precursors take on the trappings of endothelial cells and contribute to tumor blood vessels, speeding the cancer’s growth, according to a report by Jose Conejo-Garcia, Fabian Benencia, George Coukos (Unive...

A lack of oxygen activates a pathway that causes the bacterial cell wall to break down, which, in turn, aids bacterial biofilm development.

There are four questions. They have equal weight, though they are probably not of equal difficulty. The exam is meant to allow an A performance in four hours of work. Long answers are less welcome than shorter, correct answers. The exam is available at 10AM Wednesday, January 23 and is due at 10AM Thursday, January 24. Submission of answers by email is OK, and I will verify that I have received...

Mitochondria are the ubiquitous power units of animal cells, responsible for “oxphos,” the aerobic synthesis of most of the ATP that serves as the common coin of cellular metabolism. To perform their primary task of oxidative phosphorylation and to manage many secondary tasks, mitochondria use more than 1,000 proteins, of which fewer than 100 are involved directly in oxidative phosphorylation. ...