in the present study the effects of both cck receptor agonists and antagonists on antinociception induced by morphine in the tail-flick test have been evaluated. m orphine induced dose-dependent antinociception in mice. the response of morphine was potentiated by sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (cck-8s) but not by unsulfated cholecystokinin-8 (cck-8u). the cck receptor antagonists mk-329 and l-365, ...

The latency of the heat-activated rat tail-flick (TF) reflex is dependent upon 4 variables, none of which has previously been determined: activation of cutaneous nociceptors (TN); afferent conduction to the dorsal horn (TA); conduction within the central nervous system (CNS) (central delay); and conduction from the ventral horn (VH) to, and activation of, tail muscles (TE). Using a CO2 infrared...

Ingestion of placenta and amniotic fluid has been shown to enhance opioid-mediated analgesia produced by morphine injection, footshock, vaginal/cervical stimulation, and during late pregnancy in rats. The present study was designed to determine how soon after ingestion the enhancement begins and how long it lasts. Tail-flick latencies in Long-Evans rats were determined before and during vaginal...

It might seem obvious that pain sensitivity would predict individual, inborn susceptibilities to aversive stimuli and the strength of fear-conditioned responses. Such relationships are based on the assumption that there is a close association between fear-evoked behavioral reactions and the responses to painful, aversive stimuli. However, this problem has not been systematically studied. To thi...

A homozygous CGRP-/- mouse line was generated by the targeted disruption of exon 5 in the calcitonin/alphaCGRP gene using homologous recombination. The mutant mice lack alphaCGRP mRNA. Furthermore CGRP immunoreactivity almost completely disappears from the spinal cord and is not at all observed in spinal ganglia and muscle synapses. However, motor end plates were still detected by acetylcholine...

The present study evaluates the central and peripheral analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of Cananga Odorata Lam [EECO] in experimental animals.Acute toxicity test was done following OECD guidelines. EECO (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg b.w. p.o) was evaluated for central and peripheral analgesic activity by the Tail flick method in wistar rats and 0.7%acetic acid induced Writhing test in...

OBJECTIVE S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is a major methyl donor in the brain and is also an antidepressant with few reported side effects; however, SAMe is relatively expensive and unstable. Brain SAMe can be increased by giving methionine to rats, raising the possibility that methionine may be an antidepressant. We aimed to study whether SAMe and methionine, when given orally to rats, could rais...

Leonurus cardiaca, commonly known as motherwort, is a member of the Lamiaceae family. It has a number of interesting biological activities, for example, sedative and hypotensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of alcoholic extract of aerial part of Leonurus cardiaca on nociceptive response using formalin, ...

Valeriana wallichii (Family Valerianaceae), popularly named as Indian valerian, exists as three chemotypes. Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of V. wallichii chemotype (patchouli alcohol) extract (DCME) and essential oil (VPAEO) on experimental models of nociception and to elucidate its possible mechanism of action. Analgesic effect was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing and...

The present study was designed to evaluate both anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of the ethanolic extract of dried leaves of Mitragyna parvifolia (MPEE), using the Carrageenan-induced paw edema method in rats and Tail-flick method in mice, respectively, at various dose levels. The maximum antiinflammatory effect of the extract was found to be at 300 mg/kg in carrageenan test and t...