The timing of harvest is a major factor affecting seed quality in soybean, particularly in Midsouthern USA, when rain during harvest period is not uncommon. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of time of harvest on soybean seed quality (seed composition, germination, seed coat boron, and lignin) in high germinability (HG) breeding lines (50% exotic) developed under high h...

Inspired by the hierarchical Dirichlet process (HDP), we present a generalized coAT (coauthor Topic) model, also called infinite coAT model, in this paper. The infinite coAT model is a nonparametric extension of the coAT model. And this model can automatically determine the number of topics which are regarded for the probabilistic distribution of words. One does not need to provide prior inform...

Bacillus cereus T spores were prepared on fortified nutrient agar, and the spore coat and outer membrane were extracted by 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-100 mM dithiothreitol in 0.1 M sodium chloride (SDS-DTT) at pH 10.5 (coat-defective spores). Coat-defective spores in L-alanine plus adenosine germinated slowly and to a lesser extent than spores not treated with SDS-DTT, as determined by decreas...

Bacillus subtilis spores are encased in a protein assembly called the spore coat that is made up of at least 70 different proteins. Conventional electron microscopy shows the coat to be organized into two distinct layers. Because the coat is about as wide as the theoretical limit of light microscopy, quantitatively measuring the localization of individual coat proteins within the coat is challe...

Traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex is initiated when the activated form of the GTPase Sar1p recruits the Sec23p-Sec24p complex to ER membranes. The Sec23p-Sec24p complex, which forms the inner shell of the COPII coat, sorts cargo into ER-derived vesicles. The coat inner shell recruits the Sec13p-Sec31p complex, leading to coat polymerization and vesicle budding. Re...

Turnip crinkle virus (TCV), a member of the genus carmovirus of the Tombusviridae family, has a genome consisting of a single positive-sense RNA molecule that is encapsidated in an icosahedral particle composed of 180 copies of a single type of coat protein. We have employed the CPMV-HT transient expression system to investigate the formation of TCV-like particles following the expression of th...

Spores of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis are encased in a two-layered protein shell, which consists of an electron-translucent, lamellar inner coat, and an electron-dense outer coat. The coat protein CotE is both a structural component of the coat and a morphogenetic protein that is required for the assembly of the outer coat. We now show that CotE is located in the outer coat of the mature sp...