a r t i c l e i n f o JEL classification: F13 F42 F51 Keywords: Trade war out of fear Risk-dominant equilibrium Global game in trade policies Strategic complementarity Trade retaliation strategies This paper examines why the recent efforts to arrange free trade regimes have failed repeatedly focusing on the increased uncertainties in economic fundamentals and the asymmetric political economic c...

Introduction We are both former Directors ofthe Bureau ofEconomics at the Federal Trade Commission, and have studied, lectured and written on the economics of the pharmaceutical industry for many years. As such, we feel obliged to submit these comments to the Commission because, in our judgment, both the Pfizer-Wyeth and Merck-Schering Plough mergers will further retard the rate of pharmaceutic...

• We propose a process for the adaptation of service-oriented applications. • It is based on an optimization method. • It is based on trade-offs between functional and extra-functional requirements. • It uses metaheuristic search techniques and functional/extra-functional patterns. a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Service-oriented applications may require adaptation to tackle changing user...

Accepted for publication 18 August 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T he relation between health and trade is not new. Disease and pestilence have long followed global trade routes, a pattern that continues into the 21st century. A Chinese trade ship was the source of Latin America’s cholera outbreak in 1991, which resulted in 10 000 deaths. Increased trade in tobacco products...

Accepted for publication 18 August 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T he relation between health and trade is not new. Disease and pestilence have long followed global trade routes, a pattern that continues into the 21st century. A Chinese trade ship was the source of Latin America’s cholera outbreak in 1991, which resulted in 10 000 deaths. Increased trade in tobacco products...

The purpose of this paper to identify and analyze the effects of existing trade networks on bilateral trade volumes in the Western Hemisphere using two empirical specifications of the gravity model of international trade. The evidence suggests the trade behavior within the Western Hemisphere is highly influenced by relationships resulting from different types of linkages (i.e., networks). These...

Current research on antidumping suggests a number of channels through which antidumping affects the volume of world trade. This paper uses a structural approach to the gravity model framework to evaluate these hypotheses using data on trade volume over the period 1960-2001. We conclude that the volume and welfare effects have been negative, but quite modest. JEL classification: C230; F14; F15

1 Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2 Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 3 Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil, 4 Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil