Several of the Middle East’s traditional economic institutions hampered its political development by limiting checks on executive power, preventing the formation of organized and durable opposition movements, and keeping civil society weak. They include Islam’s original tax system, which failed to protect property rights; the waqf, whose rigidity hampered the development of civil society; and p...

Economic transparency will lead to economic stability and corruption decline. Thus the shortage of transparency mechanisms, laws and procedures will raise corruption and make it tough to cutout corruption. Also, loss of transparency in financial and economic system creates to instability, inappropriate allocation of resources, the boom of injustice and inequality and as a result paves the way f...

Substantial research has considered numerous causes and correlates of corruption. Also, there have been many studies of the consequences of various forms of uncertainty. However, exploration of the nexus between economic uncertainty and corruption appears scarce. After providing a simple intuitive and heuristic linkage between general economic uncertainty and corruption, this paper uses a large...

With the emergence of the phenomenon of "Arab revolutions", the Middle East has entered a new era. The investigation of the goals of the Arab revolutions requires their pathology. The developments of the Arab world, although occurred with the self-immolation of a young Tunisian and its widespread reflection in the global media, but these events origins returns to the previous years. These count...

While tax corruption is widespread in many countries with inferior business environments, it unclear how the characteristics of taxpayers influence their behaviour. This study investigates impact manager expertise on firms’ a transition economy. Using longitudinal dataset consisting small- and medium-sized enterprises Vietnam over period from 2005 to 2015, we find that firms which are managed b...