PURPOSE We compiled all cases of urethral injury received in battle during the Civil War to detail their management and determine the outcome of treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surgeon medical reports of individual cases of urethral injury listed in the Medical and Surgical History of the Civil War, and pension records available in the National Archives and Records Administration were review...

This paper explores the causes of displacement during civil wars. Recent scholarship has shown that conventional civil wars – those in which forces are relatively balanced – and irregular civil wars – those in which one side is substantially stronger than the other – exhibit different patterns of violence. We hypothesize that, while the mode of violence differs, the form of displacement should ...

Djankov and Reynal Querol (2010, RESTAT) show that the level of GDP per capita has no significant effects on the risk of civil war once country fixed effects are accounted for. Therefore, they argue that the relationship between income and civil war is spurious. This paper shows that when focus is on the change, rather than on the level, of GDP per capita that the significant negative relations...

Abstract How do rebel groups survive and thrive in multiparty civil wars where numerous not only fight against a common enemy but also compete with each other for support, recruits, resources? Literature on the internal dynamics of has mostly focused violence as negative side inter-rebel competition. The aim this paper is threefold: First, it aims at explaining when armed attempt to use ideolog...

The purpose of the paper is to synthesize available knowledge on the topic of organized political violence, focusing on the World Bank's work in the area of conflict analysis and conflict prevention and linking that work with the literature on secession, decentralization, and international intervention in civil wars. Several topics addressed in this paper are the subject of the author's ongoing...

Several large-N studies have found that a country’s natural resource dependence is correlated with either the likelihood it will suffer from civil war, or the duration of a civil war once it begins. What accounts for these natural resource-civil war correlations? The causal mechanisms behind the correlations are neither obvious, nor wellexplained by the large-N studies. It is important to ident...

Civil wars impose substantial costs on the domestic economy. We empirically measure the economic impact of such internal wars. The paper contributes to the existing literature both theoretically and methodologically. First, it explores the economic channels through which civil war affects growth. Previous studies have shown the negative growth effects of civil wars. We go a step further by iden...

Theories of interaction among rebel groups in civil wars, like other works the armed conflict literature, continue to see force as foundational trajectory and outcome conflict. But evidence from inter-rebel conflicts Syrian war, which has been one major wars our times, shows that military is not always preferred tool even situations where violence presumably cheap: between dominant weaker rival...