Transbranchial ammonia gradients and blood acid-base status have been examined in rainbow trout acclimated to fresh water (FW), 33% sea water (33% SW) and sea water (SW) and exposed to 1.0 mmol l-1 total ammonia (TAmm) at pH 7.9 for 24 h. At all three salinities trout maintained large negative (inwardly directed) NH3 and NH4+ gradients throughout the exposure, presumably by active excretion of ...

Marine teleosts actively excrete SO₄²⁻ and keep the plasma concentration of this ion much lower than that of environmental seawater (SW). We used the eel as a model to study the excretory mechanism of SO₄²⁻ because this euryhaline species changes SO₄²⁻ regulation drastically after transfer from freshwater (FW) to SW. Time-course studies showed that plasma SO₄²⁻ concentration decreased 3 days af...

Active brain stimulation to abate epileptic seizures has shown mixed success. In spike-wave (SW) seizures, where the seizure and background state were proposed to coexist, single-pulse stimulations have been suggested to be able to terminate the seizure prematurely. However, several factors can impact success in such a bistable setting. The factors contributing to this have not been fully inves...

Introduction: The NASA mission “Genesis” collected solar wind (SW) for laboratory analysis [1]. SW can serve as a proxy for the Sun’s composition, and thus the average composition of the solar nebula [2], provided that fractionation processes during SW formation [e.g., 3] can be understood and quantitatively modeled. The Geneisis objective is to obtain elemental and isotopic abundances with pre...

In this paper, an embedded frequency modulation (FM) transmission control software (SW) for a low power battery system is designed and implemented. The simultaneous translation systems for various languages are needed as so many international conferences and festivals are held in world wide. Especially in portable transmitting and receiving systems, the ability of long operation life is used fo...

Both weighted spherical harmonics (SPHARM) and spherical wavelets (SW) have been used for local shape representation of biological structures. In this paper, we shed light on the underlying connections between weighted SPHARM and SW. A novel derivation of SW from weighted SPHARM and a detailed formulation of wavelet transformation for shape representation are presented. Their performances on lo...

We examine the spin-wave (SW) dynamics of Dy/Y multilayers in order to separate the contribution of the Dy-Y interface from that of bulk Dy. The SW frequencies and intensities of bulk Dy are determined analytically. When the Dy layers in a multilayer geometry are decoupled, the SW dispersion relations are discontinuous with discrete excitations. With a Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) inter...

Rainer Faller recounted an example of a 32-bit processor, intended to be used for some critical operations, in which a “Debug/Maintenance” mode had been built in to the critical software (henceforth SW). In this mode, various safety functions were inoperational, and indeed in response to “normal” inputs the SW could engage in behavior which was dangerous on the system level. This D/M mode was n...

The Shalvi–Weinstein (SW) criterion has become popular in the design of blind linear estimators of i.i.d. processes transmitted through unknown linear channels in the presence of unknown additive interference. Here, we analyze SW estimators in a general multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) setting that allows near-arbitrary source/interference distributions and noisy noninvertible channels. Th...

[1] We investigate experimentally the functional relationship between capillary pressure, Pc, wetting phase saturation, Sw, and interfacial area per volume between the wetting and nonwetting phases, awn, for drainage and imbibition processes in micromodels of twodimensional pore structures. Within the experimental and analysis error (around 10–15%), the resulting Pc-Sw-awn surfaces were the sam...