OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the origin of high-level azithromycin resistance that emerged in isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales in 2007, and to establish methods for identifying high-level azithromycin resistance. METHODS The Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) data from 2001-07 were examined for emerging trends in azithrom...

background: enterococci are members of the normal gut flora and released into the environment via sewage outlets, where they can survive for long times. infections with high-level gentamicin resistant (hlgr) enterococci are emerg­ing worldwide. hlgr enterococci have developed a resistance to most antibiotics commonly used for enterococcal in­fec­tions therefore; treatment of infections caused b...

Development of resistance and resurgence has limited the application of single pesticide and has given way out to tank mixture. Pest management strategy is mainly relying on chemical pesticides. Mixture of two or more pesticides is very common among the farmers. Pest population to be controlled should be susceptible or have low level of resistance to each pesticide used in the mixture. Combinat...

Geographic variation in drug susceptibility among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae has influenced national treatment guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia. Whether individual hospital susceptibility data provide reliable and valid information for providers is unclear. We examined the geographic and temporal variability in hospital-reported rates of pneumococcal susceptibility. We surv...

Cell-to-cell viral transmission via virological synapses has been argued to reduce susceptibility of the virus population to anti-viral drugs through multiple infection of cells, contributing to low-level viral persistence during therapy. Using a mathematical framework, we examine the role of synaptic transmission in treatment susceptibility. A key factor is the relative probability of individu...

to prevent post cholecystectomy infection, the most common microorganisms causing it and their antibacterial susceptibility pattern should be determined. therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the exact incidence and nature of the microbial flora in the bile of the patients with cholelithiasis and chronic cholecystitis as well as their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. in this s...

staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen that causes different community- and hospital-acquired infections. over time, strains of s. aureus have become resistant to different antibiotics including penicillinase-resistant penicillins. having data on the local antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of this pathogen is necessary for selection of appropriate antibiotics for empirical treat...

background pseudomonas aeruginosais an opportunistic pathogen which causes severe, acute and chronic nosocomial infections. these infections are difficult to eradicate since the organisms are usually multidrug-resistant. carbapenems are considered as the most effective drugs against these isolates. however, recent emergence of carbapenem-resistant p. aeruginosa has become a major healthcare pro...

BACKGROUND Having the ability to scan the entire country for potential "hotspots" with increased risk of developing chronic diseases due to various environmental, demographic, and genetic susceptibility factors may inform risk management decisions and enable better environmental public health policies. OBJECTIVES Develop an approach for community-level risk screening focused on identifying po...