During exercise in the heat, sweat output often exceeds water intake, resulting in a body water deficit (hypohydration) and electrolyte losses. Because daily water losses can be substantial, persons need to emphasize drinking during exercise as well as at meals. For persons consuming a normal diet, electrolyte supplementation is not warranted except perhaps during the first few days of heat exp...

Magnetohydrodynamic MHD flow of a RedOx electrolyte in a straight conduit is investigated theoretically. Inert electrodes are deposited along segments of the opposing walls of a straight conduit that is filled with a RedOx electrolyte solution. The conduit is positioned in a uniform magnetic field. When a potential difference is applied across the opposing electrodes, the resulting current inte...

An efficient electrochemical flow process for the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones N-cyanosulfoximines has been developed. In total, 69 examples sulfoxides, sulfones, have synthesized in good excellent yields with high current efficiencies. The synthesis was assisted facilitated through a supporting electrolyte-free, fully automated protocol that highlights advantages ...

Many solid-state devices, especially those requiring anion conduction, often add a supporting electrolyte to enable efficient operation. The prototypical case is that of anion-exchange-membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs), where addition an alkali metal solution improves performance. However, the specific mechanism this performance improvement currently unknown. This work investigates function...

the performance of a plug flow electrocoagulation reactor for the treatment of cattle abattoir(slaughterhouse) wastewater was investigated. a cylindrical iron reactor was operated as a cathode at arecycling batch mode while three iron rods located at the center of the reactor were used as an anode. theeffects of different parameters, including the current density, the supporting electrolyte dos...

The controlled growth of surface-modifying polymer films by electrodeposition often fails because the lack redox activity these compounds. Here, electroactive complexants help to electrodeposit non-electroactive polymers. Hence, we investigate counterion-induced polyelectrolytes: three quaternized poly(N,N-dialkylaminoethyl methacrylate)s (qPDAAEMA), in particular their methyl, ethyl, and isopr...

The electrochemical behaviors of thiazolidine (tetrahydrothiazole) on gold and platinum electrodes were investigated in a Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 2.77-11.61), acetate buffer (pH 4.31), phosphate buffer solutions (pH 2.11 and 6.38) and methanol or acetonitrile containing various supporting electrolytes. Detection was based on a gold wire electrochemical signal obtained with a supporting elec...

Titanium dioxide/single-walled carbon nanotube (TiO2/SWNT) composites were prepared for photocatalytic applications. The composites were characterized using UV-visible and Raman spectroscopy, zeta-potential measurements, cyclic voltammetry (CV) coupled with a photoreactor, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectros...

Apart from the generally dominant trivalent oxidation state, several lanthanides can occur in divalent or tetravalent states as well. Changing valence state alters chemical properties and, therefore, gives opportunity to ease intragroup lanthanide separations. The hydrated terbium(III) ion has a highly positive reduction potential (E0 = + 3.1 V vs. SHE), but it be oxidized its via ozonolysis el...