Some stimuli are perceived as unitary patterns, and others as dual or plural patterns. Such 'unity-and-variety' phenomena are explained by various process approaches of perception, such as the global precedence hypothesis, the preattentive orientation detection assumption, and the recognition-by-components model. However, these three approaches, which will be discussed in this paper, each expla...

A new design of superstructure fiber Bragg grating using two alternately sampled FBGs is proposed. Dual-band multichannel characteristics and multiparameter sensing can be realized using multiple reflection peaks located in two separate regions of wavelength.

– We present direct experimental evidence of the formation of a superstructure on the (111) surface of a magnetite, Fe3O4 single crystal. The superstructure, which has a periodicity of 42A and three-fold symmetry, has been observed by means of STM and LEED. Under the correct conditions of oxygen pressure and sample anneal temperature, the superstructure is reproducibly formed throughout most of...

Two light-driven molecular switches with tetrahedral and axial chirality were synthesized, which can induce a helical superstructure in an achiral liquid crystal host and dynamically phototune it to achieve reversible reflection color.

The spatiotemporal superstructure of meandering and drifting spiral waves is explained analytically. It is also demonstrated that the Hopf eigenmode that causes the transition to meandering waves is weakly exponentially localized at onset but grows exponentially slightly before onset.

Open-shell nanographenes can be covalently bonded and still preserve their local moments, forming interacting spin lattices. In the case of benzenoid nanographenes, Ovchinnikov-Lieb rules anticipate ground state superstructure thereby sign intermolecular exchange. Here we address underlying microscopic mechanisms for exchange in this type system. We find that, general, three different contribut...

Abstract During a systematic study on formation conditions of new compounds with zemannite-type structures, crystals ten oxidotellurate(IV) phases were grown under hydrothermal conditions, partially by employing drastic reduction the water content. The crystal structures obtained determined single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Na 2 [Ni (TeO 3 ) ]·2.5H O, K ]·H [Zn ]·2H Rb 1.25 [Co ]·1.5H O and 1.2...

This paper proposes a multiobjective, mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model for the superstructure optimization of hydrocarbon biorefineries via gasification pathway under economic and environmental criteria. The proposed hydrocarbon biorefinery superstructure includes a number of major processing stages, such as drying of the cellulosic biomass feedstocks, air separation unit, gasi...

The dependences of the two-dimensional to three-dimensional growth (2D-3D) critical transition thickness on the composition for GeSiSn films with a fixed Ge content and Sn content from 0 to 16% at the growth temperature of 150 °С have been obtained. The phase diagrams of the superstructure change during the epitaxial growth of Sn on Si and on Ge(100) have been built. Using the phase diagram dat...

Because of difficulty in inspection and retrofit of foundation in comparison with other elements, the common design philosophy is to avoid any nonlinear deformation in the foundation. This paper shows that by employing controlled foundation nonlinearity, in predetermined sections with arrangements for inspection and retrofit, it is possible to reduce seismic demand on superstructure. Localizing...