T he exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are prototype molecules for the larger family of superantigens (SAGs). This family now includes many structurally unrelated molecules of disparate origins reflecting a wide evolutionary convergence towards the common goal of subverting T cell antigen recognition. SAGs bind simultaneously to MHC class II molecules and TC...

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) of Staphylococcus aureus, and related superantigenic toxins produced by myriad microbes, are potent stimulators of the immune system causing a variety of human diseases from transient food poisoning to lethal toxic shock. These protein toxins bind directly to specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on a...

background: several virulence factors have been described in pathogenesis of staphylococcus aureus strains. staphylococcal enterotoxins(ses) that is one of the most factors, are belonging to important members of bacterial superantigens. superantigens are defined by their ability to stimulate cytokine release from both t cells and macrophages. 13 different ses are known that their function is no...

background rheumatoid arthritis (ra) is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. in this regard, the role of bacterial superantigens (as an effective agent) were considered. objectives this study aimed to assess staphylococcal enterotoxin e in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. patients and methods a total of 83 blood samples of patients with ra were studi...