A cigarette contains nicotine substance that can cause smokers to become dependent on nicotine. Smokers who are already addicted will experience withdrawal syndrome. The earlier age people smoke at, the higher level of dependence they have. adverse effect is find it difficult stop smoking. This study aimed investigate experiences adolescent was a qualitative conducted with phenomenological appr...

OBJECTIVES To examine the use of buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid withdrawal (OW) in an emergency department (ED) setting. METHODS The medical records of all adult patients who presented to the study ED during a 10 week period for OW were abstracted. Subjects were categorized as receiving buprenorphine, symptomatic treatment or no pharmacologic treatment for their OW. The three group...

OBJECTIVE To explore the course of epilepsy following relapse after antiepileptic drug (AED) withdrawal. METHODS Forty two patients were identified with onset of epilepsy in childhood in whom AEDs had been withdrawn after at least 2 years of seizure freedom, and in whom a relapse had occurred. Two patients were lost to follow up. RESULTS Median follow up after AED withdrawal was 5.9 years (...

Objective. To identify the underlying factor structure of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, as measured with CIWA-Ar. Methods. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the items of CIWA-Ar. On 201 alcohol-dependent male patients seeking treatment for alcohol withdrawal at 36 hours of abstinence. Results. A three-factor solution was obtained that accounted for 68.74% of total variance. First fact...

The ultimate objective in devising animal analogs of physical dependence on ethanol is to obtain meaningful imitations that have behavioral and biological similarities to human subjects during the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. The natural history of alcoholic disease in human subject and in experimental animals involves three periods, each characterized on the basis of temporal relationships, pa...

BACKGROUND Finding an effective, non-pharmacological approach to treat opioid withdrawal could remove some of the barriers associated with pharmacotherapy. The BRIDGE® is a noninvasive, percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulator developed to target pain. OBJECTIVES This pilot study aimed to determine (1) the effects of the BRIDGE on withdrawal scores during the induction phase of opioid w...

Behaviorally inhibited children display a temperamental profile characterized by social withdrawal and anxious behaviors. Previous research, focused largely on adolescents, suggests that attention biases to threat may sustain high levels of behavioral inhibition (BI) over time, helping link early temperament to social outcomes. However, no prior studies examine the association between attention...

Maternal use of certain drugs during pregnancy can result in transient neonatal signs consistent with withdrawal or acute toxicity or cause sustained signs consistent with a lasting drug effect. In addition, hospitalized infants who are treated with opioids or benzodiazepines to provide analgesia or sedation may be at risk for manifesting signs of withdrawal. This statement updates information ...

Increased ligand binding to dihydropyridine receptors in the central nervous system after chronic ethanol consumption is thought to contribute to the withdrawal syndrome. Previous studies demonstrated such changes when the binding was measured in vitro, which, as the receptors are voltage-sensitive, may not accurately reflect the binding in vivo. In the present study, dihydropyridine binding wa...

The tail-elicited siphon withdrawal reflex (TSW) has been a useful preparation in which to study learning and memory in Aplysia. However, comparatively little is known about the neural circuitry that translates tail sensory input (via the P9 nerves to the pleural ganglion) to final reflex output by siphon motor neurons (MNs) in the abdominal ganglion. To address this question, we examined the f...