Roots of forest trees are associated with various ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal species that are involved in nutrient exchange between host plant and the soil compartment. The identification of ECM fungi in small environmental samples is difficult. The present study tested the feasibility of attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy followed by hierarchical c...

In this study, inexpensive and eco-friendly production of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was explored using Laminaria ochroleuca sodium alginate as stabilizing reducing agent. The synthesized were characterized by various analytical techniques such UV–Vis spectroscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), TEM selected area (SAE...

Polyploidy is an important evolutionary mechanism in plants, and in some genera (e.g., Solidago in Asteraceae) it is particularly widespread and is hypothesized to have played a major role in diversification. Goldenrods are notorious for their ploidy variation, with roughly 14% and 32% of recognized North American species being polyploid or including multiple cytotypes, respectively. We used tr...

Although polyploidy plays a fundamental role in plant evolution, the elucidation of polyploid origins is fraught with methodological challenges. For example, allopolyploid species may confound phylogenetic reconstruction because commonly used methods are designed to trace divergent, rather than reticulate patterns. Recently developed techniques of phylogenetic network estimation allow for a mor...

An AFLP data set comprising 95 accessions from 20 species of Lactuca s.l. (sensu lato) and related genera was generated using the primer combinations E35/M48 and E35/M49. In phenetic analyses of a data subset, clustering with UPGMA based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient resulted in the highest cophenetic correlation, and the results were comparable to those of a principal coordinates analysi...

This paper considers an optimal life insurance for a householder subject to mortality risk. The household receives a wage income continuously, which is terminated by unexpected (premature) loss of earning power or (planned and intended) retirement, whichever happens first. In order to hedge the risk of losing income stream by householder’s unpredictable event, the household enters a life insura...

Abstract— We sampled 130 individuals (2 to 25 per taxon) of Pinus subsections Ponderosae and Sabinianae . Nucleotide sequences were obtained by targeting 703 low copy nuclear genes. From the unenriched portion short reads, we assembled nearly complete plastome nucleotide sequences. used 600 genes create phylogenies species trees that compared evaluate cytonuclear concordance reticulation. found...