BACKGROUND Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) have been used extensively for sequencing the human and mouse genomes and are thus readily available for most genes. The large size of BACs means that they can generally carry intact genes with all the long range controlling elements that drive full levels of tissue-specific expression. For gene expression studies and gene therapy applications ...

Masonry buildings built in Italy the 60 s and 70 of last century frequently require energy seismic renovation. To this end, use a retrofitting technique based on multilayer coating may be applied building façades order to improve its performances, leading partial or total fulfilment structural code provisions. The consists layer Steel Fiber Reinforced Mortar combined with thermal insulation mat...

Non-null types can detect certain null-related errors in object-oriented programs earlier and avoid other such errors altogether. This paper gives a proposal for retrofitting a language like C# or Java with non-null types. It addresses the complications that arise in constructors, where non-null fields may not yet have been initialized.

The computer security community has long advocated defense in depth, the concept of building multiple layers of defense to protect a system. Unfortunately, it has been difficult to realize this vision in practice, and software often ships with inadequate defenses, typically developed in an ad hoc fashion. Currently, programmers reason about security manually and lack tools to validate assurance...

Researchers have long argued that the best way to construct a secure system is to proactively integrate security into the design of the system. However, this tenet is rarely followed because of economic and practical considerations. Instead, security mechanisms are added as the need arises, by retrofitting legacy code. Unfortunately, existing techniques to do so are manual and adhoc, and often ...

We provide a method for obtaining simple models of supersymmetry breaking, with all small mass scales generated dynamically, and illustrate it with explicit examples. We start from models of perturbative supersymmetry breaking, such as O’Raifeartaigh and Fayet models, that would respect an R symmetry if their small input parameters transformed as the superpotential does. By coupling the system ...

Industri beton berperan penting pada proses konstruksi sebagai pemasok material beton. Peranan industri mempunyai dampak buruk terhadap lingkungan. Penerapan konsep green, masalah yang timbul adalah konsekuensi kenaikan biaya green retrofitting dikeluarkan oleh pemangku kepentingan agar atau bangunan menjadi ramah lingkungan, beton, value engineering(VE) merupakan komponen utama berpengaruh nya...

National and regional authorities worldwide have passed legislation in order to mitigate climate change. For example, the “20-20-20” targets of the European Commission include a 20% improvement in energy efficiency by 2020 relative to 1990 levels (EU, 2008; EU, 2009). One pathway for this objective to be achieved is via improved operational and retrofitting practices in existing buildings. Sinc...

deep beams are type of beams which their behavior is different from conventional beams because of their particular type of geometry. in this paper, the retrofitting of these beams is considered and 10 deep beams are tested experimentally and discussed about retrofitting methods. experimental studies indicate that the use of cfrp bands in the direction perpendicular to diagonal cracks in compari...