Abstract The compression rod is an important stress member of house building and bridge structure. When the load on reaches critical load, entire structure will lose its stability. We use fractional-order differential equation curvature to bend apply fourth-order equation's general solution establish rod's stability model in construction engineering. In this paper, discrete boundary conditions ...

Must causal models distinguish default from deviant events? Much recent work on actual causation is conducted within the structural equations framework (Spirtes et al 1993, Pearl 2000), via the notion of a causal model. In standard causal models one sets up a system of variables, allots values to these variables, and connects these variables via structural equations. Menzies (2004, 2007), Hitch...