Modal languages were originally based on the possible-world approach proposed by Lewis, Carnap and others. In other words, modal languages were originally designed to talk about necessity (the box) and possibility (the diamond). Nowadays, modal languages (and certain natural extensions like dynamic languages, μ-calculus language, . . . ) are viewed as tools for analyzing the properties of Kripk...

We consider Kirchhoff equations with strong damping, namely with a friction term which depends on a power of the “elastic” operator. We address local and global existence of solutions in two different regimes depending on the exponent in the friction term. When the exponent is greater than 1/2, the dissipation prevails, and we obtain global existence in the energy space assuming only degenerate...

Abstract Considerations of accuracy – the epistemic good having credences close to truth-values have led justification a host norms. These arguments rely on specific ways measuring accuracy. In particular, measure should be strictly proper. However, main argument for strict propriety supports only weak propriety. But follows from given truth directedness (which is non-negotiable) and additivity...