The idea of separating content from its presentation information was one of the key aspects in developing Extensible Markup Language (XML) and its supporting technologies such as e.g. Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL). XML vocabularies are not much good for human viewing and navigating; they do not need to be and they (primarily) have not be designed with this purpose in mind. Instead, trans...

A technique is proposed to enhance microfluidic immuno-sensors, for example, immunoassays, in which a ligand immobilized on a microchannel wall specifically binds analyte flowing through the channel. These sensors can be limited in both response time and sensitivity by the diffusion of analyte to the sensing surface. In certain applications, the sensitivity and response of these heterogeneous i...

Nanoporous carbons (CMK-3) were prepared and have been used as a fiber coating for headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The prepared materials were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. The efficiency of the fiber was evaluated using a gas chromatography (GC) system for the extraction of benzene (B) and c...

Excess sludge treatment is indispensable in sewage plants. This study aims to reduce the excess material from activated and establish a mathematical model. Sludge dissolution rates were calculated by measuring total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) soluble COD (SCOD) with regard water quality before after pretreatment. Then, reduction effects obtained means of suspended solid (SS) changes. The maj...

A cluster growth model is proposed to study chiral symmetry breaking in stirred crystallization from an achiral element. Achiral monomers are assumed to coagulate to form chiral clusters from dimers to hexamers. Due to the stirring, the hexamers break into dimers. The coagulation of two dimers into a tetramer also occurs. The fixed point analysis of coupled rate equations of cluster densities a...

[1] Global variations of stirring in the surface ocean are quantified using finite-time Lyapunov exponents (FTLEs) calculated from currents derived from satellite altimetry. It is shown that the stirring is highly non-uniform, and the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the FTLEs are broad, asymmetric, and have long high-stretch tails. The characteristics of the PDFs vary with mesoscal...

BACKGROUND Microbioreactors have emerged as novel tools for early bioprocess development. Mixing lies at the heart of bioreactor operation (at all scales). The successful implementation of micro-stirring methods is thus central to the further advancement of microbioreactor technology. The aim of this study was to develop a micro-stirring method that aids robust microbioreactor operation and fac...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate the influence of different stirring times on antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles in polyethylene glycol (PEG) suspension. The silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were prepared by green synthesis method using green agents, polyethylene glycol (PEG) under moderate temperature at different stirring times. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) was taken...