Freezing and thawing resulting from the ingression of water into concrete causes cracking or spalling. Corrosive ions such as chloride or sulfate penetrate the concrete surface and eventually reach the reinforcing steel. This causes the steel to corrode.     Because of the high maintenance and replacement costs, responsible officials should be increasingly concerned about the growing number...

An analysis was carried out to determine whether concrete is a sustainable housing material. Sustainability generally means having no net negative impact on the environment, and this analysis compared the environmental impact of producing concrete and steel. To make this comparison, we first designed a simple reinforced concrete beam and a steel I-beam with the same moment capacity, and we then...

FOREWORD Salt-induced reinforcing steel corrosion in concrete bridges has undoubtedly become a considerable economic burden to many State and local transportation agencies. Since the iron in the steel has a natural tendency to revert eventually to its most stable oxide state, this problem will, unfortunately, still be with us, but to a much lesser degree due to the use of various corrosion prot...

Reinforced concrete structures consists of two main components and the behavior of these structures influenced by gender and material properties, in order to investigate the behavior of concrete reinforced beam that most important flexural element in reinforced concrete structures, we chosen High Strength Concrete (HSC) for concrete and GFRP and steel bars for reinforcement. For compare the new...

Abstract Composite sections are found to be a novel technique in modern day scenario of construction. This stands tall than the ordinary and conventional type constructions. Columns as structural element play vital role frame. research comments on behavior composite columns. The main objective this study is analyze steel-encased concrete columns experimentally under axial compression mode failu...