Data obtained through measurement always contain random error. Random error is readily observed by sampling—making repeated measurements while all experimental conditions remain the same. For various reasons, the measurements will not all be the same and a frequency distribution (see Fig. 1) is one way to display the resulting data. The height of each vertical bar indicates the number of times ...

background: investigators frequently encounter continuous outcomes with plenty of values clumped at zero called semi-continuous outcomes. the gensini score, one of the most widely used scoring systems for expressing coronary angiographic results, is of this type. the aim of this study was to apply two statistical approaches based on the categorization and original scale of the gensini score to ...

In the modern digital society, personal information about individuals can be collected, stored, shared, and disseminated much more easily and freely. Such data can be released in macrodata form, reporting aggregated information, or in microdata form, reporting specific information on individual respondent. Protecting data against improper disclosure is then becoming critical to ensure proper pr...

Statistical Data Editing (SDE) is the process of checking data for errors and correcting them. Winkler (1999) defined it as the set of methods used to edit (i.e., clean up) and impute (fill in) missing or contradictory data. The result of SDE is data that can be used for analytic purposes. Editing literature goes back to the 1960s with the contributions of Nordbotten (1965), Pritzker, et al. (1...