Snake envenomation has been estimated to affect 1.8 million people annually with about 94,000 deaths mostly in poor tropical countries. Specific antivenoms are the only rational and effective therapy for these cases. Efforts are being made to produce effective, affordable and sufficient antivenoms for these victims. The immunization process, which has rarely been described in detail, is one ste...

The source of blood meal of wild caught Phlebotomid sandflies collected in areas around Pondicherry was identified using an agarose gel diffusion method. A total of 497 blood samples obtained from freshly engorged Phlebotomid sandflies were tested. Of these 66.8% were positive to human antisera, 29.2% to bovine antisera and the remaining 4.0% to avain antisera. The human blood indices of P. pap...

Salmonella somatic polyvalent antisera for groups A through E or A through I with or without Vi and Salmonella Vi antisera were purchased from four commercial producers and evaluated. Center for Disease Control (CDC) methods and specifications were used. The four polyvalent and two of the four Vi antisera did not meet CDC performance specifications. Suggestions are made for improving the labora...