Focal cerebral ischemic lesions demonstrate a gradual reduction of blood flow from the rim to the core. Flow reduction induces irreversible damage in the core region, whereas more peripheral tissue, i.e. penumbral tissue, is applicable to therapeutic interventions. Secondary mechanisms for lesion growth involve excitotoxicity, extracellular ion shifts, lactate generation, tissue acidosis, infla...

UNLABELLED Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are waves of sustained neuronal and glial depolarization that propagate massive disruptions of ion gradients through the brain. SD is associated with migraine aura and recently recognized as a novel mechanism of injury in stroke and brain trauma patients. SD leads to neuronal swelling as assessed in real time with two-photon laser scanning microscopy (...

S (in alphabetic order by speaker surname) Speaker: David Andrew (Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada) Title: Spreading depolarization strength during ischemia determines higher brain susceptibility and lower brain resistance to acute injury. Abstract: Global ischemia caused by cardiac arrest, pulmonary failure, near-drowning or traumatic brain injury often damages the higher brain ...

Pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus are highly vulnerable to damage from hypoxia-ischemia, whereas neurons in the CA3 region and the dentate gyrus are more resistant. A similar pattern of vulnerability to loss of synaptic and membrane function occurs in the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation, suggesting that intrinsic factors are important in acute neuronal damage. Simult...

Migraine is a heterogeneous primary headache disorder.1 Migraine prevalence in the general population of the United States is 28 million people (13%) and results in significant costs to the healthcare system.2 Aura consists of 1 or more focal neurological symptoms, such as visual, sensory, or speech disturbances,1 and is present in 30% of migraineurs.3 Cortical spreading depression (CSD), a neu...

Rat islet beta-cells spread in response to glucose when attached on the matrix produced by a rat bladder carcinoma cell line (804G). Furthermore, in a mixed population of cells, it has been observed previously that spread cells secrete more insulin acutely in response to glucose, compared with cells that remain rounded. These results suggest bi-directional signaling between the islet beta-cell ...

T1 and T2 relaxation, and magnetization transfer (MT) of the rat brain were measured during experimentally induced spreading depression (SD). All measured MR parameters changed during SD: T1 relaxation increased by approximately 13%, whereas the T2 increase was substantially larger (88%). MT results showed an MT ratio (MTR) decrease of 9%. The lack of change in the MT exchange rate indicated th...

Spreading cortical depression (SCD) is a wave of depolarization that spreads across the cortex at 2-5 mm/min and is followed by a 5-10 minute reduction in EEG activity. It is assumed that SCD is involved in the pathophysiology of migraine. We present a new model and a visualization technique for the spread of excitation on realistic brain surfaces. The usefulness of the technique is demonstrate...