To my parents, my sister, and to my wife Epidural anaesthesia is a form of medication injected through patients back into the epidural space of the spine. It is most commonly administered during childbirth and for pain relief following lower body surgery. The procedure involves insertion of a Tuohy needle and a catheter is guided through it into the epidural space 1. Anaesthesiologists insert t...

At the beginning of my study of Diplococcus intracellularis I had the plan of using monkeys to reproduce the symptoms and lesions of cerebro-spinal meningitis in man. My study of the intra-peritoneal injections of guinea-pigs encouraged me to believe that the injection of suitable cultures of the intraceUularis into the spinal canal of monkeys would lead to the production of an acute inflammati...

We have studied magnetic resonance images of the lumbar spine of 39 subjects to examine the anatomy of the lumbar extradural region. The segmental nature of the posterior extradural region at each lumbar level may explain reports of easier cranial passage of extradural catheters introduced by the paramedian approach. This approach may thus provide a more reliable route for rapid introduction of...

Objective Nusinersen, an extremely expensive biologic drug (around 100,000 US$ per dose) that needs to be administered intrathecally, is approved for the treatment of 5q-spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Because low muscle tone back muscles pediatric SMA patients, especially type 1 safe, effective, and fast execution sheath injection needed. Therefore, a modified intrathecal method was developed a...

BACKGROUND Comparison of air versus saline for loss of resistance technique (LORT) in combined spinal epidural labor analgesia (CSE) has not been evaluated, and neither has the relation between CSE characteristics (the presence/absence of initial spontaneous clear fluid return or upon aspiration) and spinal/epidural analgesia outcomes. The authors hypothesized that there is no difference in the...

We describe an effective surgical technique in primary repair of the spinal dura during minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS). Objective. Minimally invasive spine surgery includes the treatment of intradural lesions, and proper closure of the dura is necessary. However, primary dural closure can be difficult due to the restricted space of MIS retractors and the availability of appropriate sur...