Three-dimensional electron microscopy (3D-EM) is a powerful technology for imaging macromolecular complexes. Through a process known as singleparticle reconstruction, tens of thousands of separate images of a complex of interest are used to arrive at a single resolved structure. Although this method works sufficiently well for rigid macromolecular complexes, conformationally flexible complexes ...

STUDY DESIGN Review of the literature and author';s experience with the treatment of severe spinal deformity. OBJECTIVE To define the anatomic and physiologic challenges in treating severe spinal deformity and to describe the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative strategies to achieve the optimal safe result. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Severe pediatric spinal deformity is a relati...

Electroconductive materials, such as conductive polymers and carbon-nanomaterials, have been studied since the 1970s for use in a broad range of applications. These materials showcase electrical properties that are similar to those commonly used metals, while providing other benefits processing flexibility, ability modify, ease synthesis. Conductive (e.g., polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyanilin...

brown tumors may occur secondary to hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal failure (ckd). they are increasingly rare because hyperparathyroidism in now diagnosed and treated at an early stage. we report 67-year-old man who had been on hemodialysis for crf for over 3 years, who presented with back pain over the thoracolumbar junction from 2 years ago and because of pain he could not ...

introduction: the aim of this study was to report surgical strategies and clinical outcomes for thoraco-lumbar intradural lipomas. intraspinal lipomas are rare congenital histologically benign neoplasms, which account for less than 1% of all spinal cord tumors. these tumors are most frequently found in the lumbosacral area as components of a dysraphic state, however, intramedullary lipomas are ...

Constant drive provided to the human lumbar spinal cord by epidural electrical stimulation can cause local neural circuits to generate rhythmic motor outputs to lower limb muscles in people paralysed by spinal cord injury. Epidural spinal cord stimulation thus allows the study of spinal rhythm and pattern generating circuits without their configuration by volitional motor tasks or task-specific...

Neural control of locomotion in human adults involves the generation of a small set of basic patterned commands directed to the leg muscles. The commands are generated sequentially in time during each step by neural networks located in the spinal cord, called Central Pattern Generators. This review outlines recent advances in understanding how motor commands are expressed at different stages of...

Jiang Shan, Fumio Nagashima Autonomous System Lab, Fujitsu Lab Abstract: A biologically inspired design strategy for humanoid robot locomotion control and its simulation implementation is presented in this paper. Firstly, the dynamics model of humanoid robot, biologically plausible spinal motor neural circuits, and virtual muscular module are constructed. Then, the control strategy for adaptive...

Increasing activity and exercise is essential for health and quality of life for people living with spinal cord injury (SCI). Obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes are 2 to 4 times higher for people with SCI compared to the general population. This is due, in part, to low levels of activity, limited access and opportunities to participate in exercise, as well as changes in muscle and he...

If you have chronic back or neck pain, you may have degenerative disc disease. This degenerative spinal condition is not really a disease—it’s the normal wear and tear process of aging on your spine. Unfortunately, as we age, our intervertebral discs (pillow-like pads between the bones in your spine) lose their flexibility, elasticity, and shock absorbing characteristics. When this happens, the...