hyrcanian forests in northern slope of alborz support high bird richness and abundance same as central of europe. in this study, efficiency of different methods including fixed-width transect, variable-width transect, fixed-radius point count and variable circular plot samplings were compared in order to present the most reliable methods for surveying and monitoring of diurnal forest birds in f...

background: short golden time is important to save the injured in earthquake and to start search and rescue (sar) operation as soon as possible in affected regions. this study evaluated application of geographic information system (gis) for sar operation in rigan town, kerman province, which was hit by an earthquake of 6.3 richter scale on december 12, 2010 at 22:12. materials and methods: a gi...

A method is developed to adjust the Kaplan and DeMaria tropical cyclone inland wind decay model for storms that move over narrow landmasses. The basic assumption that the wind speed decay rate after landfall is proportional to the wind speed is modified to include a factor equal to the fraction of the storm circulation that is over land. The storm circulation is defined as a circular area with ...

Particle impacts on spacecraft can cause considerable damage, even leading to complete failure. A theory for the resulting vehicle potential changes and the electromagnetic radiation from impact-induced plasma has been published by Close et al. (2010). Here we compare this theory to impacts registered by the Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrumentation on the Cassini spacecraft. We study both ...

We present a unified rotation curve of the Galaxy re-constructed from the existing data by re-calculating the distances and velocities for a set of galactic constants R0 =8 kpc and V0 =200 km s . We decompose it into a bulge with de Vaucouleurs-law profile of half-mass scale radius 0.5 kpc and mass 1.8×10M⊙, an exponential disk of scale radius 3.5 kpc of 6.5× 10M⊙, and an isothermal dark halo o...

There is no doubt that when potassium iodide (KI) is administered in a timely fashion, much of the potential exposure to radioactive iodine isotopes from an atmospheric release can be safely averted (1–3). The United States of America Food andDrug Administration (FDA) and theWorld Health Organization (WHO), among others, have established guidelines for the use of KI in these settings (4,5). Leg...

Methane total-vertical column retrievals from ground-based solar FTIR measurements at the Permanent Ground-Truthing Station Zugspitze (47.42 N, 10.98 E, 2964 m a.s.l.), Germany are used to validate column averaged methane retrieved from ENVISAT/SCIAMACHY spectra by WFM-DOAS (WFMD) version 0.4 and 0.41 for 153 days in 2003. Smoothing errors are estimated to be below 0.10% for FTIR and 0.14% for ...

We present a synthesis of physical effects influencing the observed lightcurve of an extrasolar giant planet (EGP) transiting its host star. The synthesis includes a treatment of Rayleigh scattering , cloud scattering, refraction, and molecular absorption of starlight in the EGP atmosphere. Of these effects, molecular absorption dominates in determining the transit-derived radius R, for planeta...

We present a model which relates the width of the Broad Emission Lines of AGN to the Keplerian velocity of an accretion disk at a critical distance from the central black hole. This critical distance falls in a region bounded on the inward side by the transition radius between the radiation pressure and the gas pressure dominated region of the accretion disk and on the outward side by the maxim...

We present a synthesis of physical effects influencing the observed lightcurve of an extrasolar giant planet (EGP) transiting its host star. The synthesis includes a treatment of Rayleigh scattering, cloud scattering, refraction, and molecular absorption of starlight in the EGP atmosphere. Of these effects, molecular absorption dominates in determining the transit-derived radius R, for planetar...