Leibniz uses the concept of probability in both epistemic and non-epistemic contexts, as do many his contemporaries. Some commentators have claimed that this dual-use is inexact or confused. In paper, I describe Leibniz’s understanding discuss its dual usage work. Then, building on creation theory, conjunction with Russell’s interpretation Principle Sufficient Reason, endeavor to justify show j...

Online communities provide a social sphere for people to share information and knowledge. While information sharing is becoming a ubiquitous online phenomenon, how to ensure information quality or induce quality content, however, remains a challenge due to the anonymity of commentators. This paper introduces moderation into reputation systems. We show that moderation directly impacts strategic ...

the present article is to explain ibn sina’s view on the god’s knowledge of things by rational-analytic method. peripatetic philosophers including ibn sina have used the expression representation (irtisam) in discussing divine foreknowledge of things. commentators and critics of avicenna’s works had not the same interpretation of this expression but had given different understandings of it so t...

Despite 180 years of theory on magnetism, it appears that the practice of calculating forces on magnetic media is ambiguous, as illustrated by a recent article by Casperson [1]. Potentially troubling issues include: Which field B or H should be used? Should the total field be used, or only the external field? And if the latter, what is meant by “external”? Can/should effects of magnetization cu...

* Sports commentators at ATV and TVB offered invaluable insights. They are not responsible for my errors, and vice versa.

It is generally agreed amongst academic commentators that the combined pressures of increased international product market competition, market deregulation and unification have severely strained the German ‘model’ of industrial relations (e.g. Goodhart, 1994; Carlin and Soskice, 1997; Gall, 1997; Streeck, 1997). Employers’ fear of the relative decline of German industrial competitiveness have p...

First, I thank Sijtsma, Clark, Kane, and Heiser for taking the time and effort to provide a commentary on my paper, and the Editor for allowing me to respond to them. In general, the commentators agree with the thesis that psychometrics and psychology are, to an extent that must be deemed problematic, disconnected. They further agree with the upshot of this diagnosis: Psychometricians need to w...