What problems do e-documents with mathematical expressions in an Arabic presentation present? In addition to the known difficulties of handling mathematical expressions based on Latin script on the web, Arabic mathematical expressions flow from right to left and use specific symbols with a dynamic cursivity. How might we extend the capabilities of tools such as MathML in order to structure Arab...

For many years ago, handwriting is a challenger interest, both online and off line recognition of the handwriting are largely presented in literature. Latin script studies were largely presented using UNIPEN or IRONOFF databases. But Arabic studies were poorly presented in literature because there are no common Arabic d...

Arabic language is the most spoken languages in the Semitic languages group, and one of the most common languages in the world spoken by more than 422 million. It is also of paramount importance to Muslims, it is a sacred language of the Islamic Holly Book (Quran) and prayer (and other acts of worship) in Islam is performed only by mastering some of Arabic words. Arabic is also a major ritual l...

The purpose of this article is to determine the phonemic status of [h] and [ʔ] in the Sistani dialect of Miyankangi. Auditory tests applied to the relevant data show that [ʔ] occurs mainly in word-initial position, where it stands in free variation with Ø. The only place where [h] is heard is in Arabic and Persian loanwords, and only in the pronunciation of some speakers who are educated and/or...

BACKGROUND Patients' positive illness perceptions (IPs) significantly contribute to treatment success. The Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief IPQ) is widely used in various diseases for assessing IPs. It was developed in English-speaking countries and studies on it in Arab countries are scarce. OBJECTIVES, SETTING AND DESIGN This observational cross-sectional study aimed to cross-c...

Organization processes put lots of emphasis on improving efficiency and effectiveness where outsourcing and offshoring non-core as well as core activities play essential role in achieving these objectives. Adopting outsourcing and offshoring at organizations has many benefits including saving cost using low-wage labor markets, allowing companies to focus on their core business which can lead to...

The existence of dialects for any language constitutes a challenge for NLP in general since it adds another set of variation dimensions from a known standard. The problem is particularly interesting and challenging in Arabic and its different dialects, where the diversion from the standard could, in some linguistic views, warrant a classification as different languages. This problem would not b...

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to systematically review the medical literature for the prevalence of waterpipe tobacco use among the general and specific populations. METHODS We electronically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the ISI the Web of Science. We selected studies using a two-stage duplicate and independent screening process. We included cohort studies and cross sectional st...

Introduction: King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSHRC) workforce is composed of close to 67 different nationalities. Diversity in the nursing workforce is unique in the hospital reason being the expatriates outnumber the Saudi nationals. Staff from different backgrounds provides a different perspective to the clinical care ensuring the hospital standards and policies are adh...