In the past decades, there has been much progress in the formal Semantics of ordinary language. Logicians, linguists and philosophers have extensively used logical formalisms in order to interpret directly or after translation important fragments of actual natural languages. They have thereby contributed to the foundations of the theory of sentence meaning. In formal Semantics, speaker meaning ...

Literal and figurative meanings are two ends of a continuum we can not talk about sharp distinction between these meaning types (Dirven, 2002; Gibbs & Colston, 2012; Radden, 2002). Such exhibits different degrees figurativity. Radden (2002) considers this as literal-metonymy-metaphor continuum; where Dirven focuses on conceptual closeness distance the continuum. This study aims to analy...

ABsrRAcr: Cells, tissues, organs, and human beings qua biological organisms have natural functions, but human beings qua moral agents do not. Persons-in-society, unlike organs-in-bodies, are the products of culture as well as nature. Bodily diseases, conventionally defined, are undesirable deviations from objectively identifiable biological norms. Mental diseases, similarly defined, are undesir...

Disorders of the Central Nervous System (CNS) are worldwide causes of morbidity and mortality. In order to further investigate the nature of the CNS research, we generate from an initial reference a controlled vocabulary of CNS disorder-related terms and ontological tree structure for this vocabulary, and then apply the vocabulary in an analysis of the past ten years of abstracts (N = 10,488) f...

Pictures (non-affective) 3 1 0 4 24 Abstract Pictures (affective) 0 0 0 0 0Pictures (affective) 0 0 0 0 0 Literal Pictures (non-affective) 28 0 13 28 29 Literal Pictures (affective) 0 1 0 0 0

Metonymic location names refer to other, related entities and possess a meaning different from the literal, geographic sense. Metonymic names are to be treated differently to improve performance of geographic information retrieval (GIR). This paper presents a method for disambiguating location names in textual information to distinguish literal and metonymic senses, based on shallow features. T...

Syntactic and semantic processing of literal and idiomatic phrases were investigated with a priming procedure. In 3 experiments, participants named targets that were syntactically appropriate or inappropriate completions for semantically unrelated sentence contexts. Sentences ended with incomplete idioms (kick the...) and were biased for either a literal (ball) or an idiomatic (bucket) completi...

ion makes Φ “truer” (more tree models). Pure existential literal rule makes Φ “falser” (fewer tree models). Pure universal literal rule makes Φ “falser” (fewer tree models). Unit-clause propagation and universal reduction do not change the set of tree models. So ? ? ? If abstraction changes u from universal to existential, and then it becomes pure, making it true is the wrong idea. Say u is ass...