Introduction The Token Economy Advantages of Token Economies Problems of Token Economies Management/Control Goals Disruptive Behavior Ward Care Behavior Self-care Behavior Therapeutic/Educative Goals Verbal Behaviors Social Behaviors Implementation of the Token Economy Staff Training Backup Reinforcers Social Reinforcement Economic Balance and Savings Intermittant Reinforcement Su~ary and Concl...

This study examined adolescent narcissism, temperament (frustration and affiliation), and social goals in association with peer-reported physical and relational aggression (N = 384; 12-14 years). Narcissism was positively associated with dominance goals and negatively with closeness goals for peer interaction. Moreover, narcissism was positively associated with physical aggression via dominance...

Theoretically speaking, among topics that need to be covered throughout the elementary school years, legal ones loom large. In order to determine the extent to which this coverage is actually present in elementary school textbooks, a set of 17 such books from among 51 in total, deemed appropriate for such matters to be covered in, was selected and content analyzed utilizing concepts related to ...

The expenditures for hospital drugs are continuously increasing, and grow much faster than the global hospital budgets do. This explosive growth is caused mainly by a few so-called 'expensive drugs' of which the oncolytics form the main part. The global budgets should stimulate more effective provision of care ('technical efficiency'), however the room for technical efficiency is decreasing. Ho...

Introduction Personal goals as a source of—and directive function for—an individual's actions has been a central concept in research on motivation in learning contexts for several decades. In more recent empirical work, however, goals have been operationalized in more specific, situational, Garcia 1991). In light of these developments, it is startling to note that existing research into persona...

BACKGROUND The first policy action outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is the implementation of national social protection systems. This study assesses whether social protection provision can impact 17 indicators of five key health-related SDG goals amongst adolescents in South Africa. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal survey of adolescents (10-18 years) between 2009 and 20...

THE PURPOSE of public assistance is to provide at least a minimum degree of economic security to persons in need. Public assistance programs complement other programs for economic security by supplying basic maintenance to needy persons for whom benefits are not available or are insufficient. The relative place of public assistance in a system of social security depends on the scope and adequac...