Evidence suggests that several elements of the climate system could be tipped into a di erent state by global warming, causing irreversible economic damages. To address their policy implications, we incorporated five interacting climate tipping points into a stochastic-dynamic integrated assessment model, calibrating their likelihoods and interactions on results from an existing expert elicitat...

The economics of climate change involves a vast array of uncertainties, complicating both the analysis and development of climate policy. This study presents the results of the first comprehensive study of uncertainty in climate change using multiple integrated assessment models. The study looks at model and parametric uncertainties for population, total factor productivity, and climate sensiti...

The economics of climate change involves a vast array of uncertainties, complicating our understanding of climate change. This study explores uncertainty in baseline trajectories using multiple integrated assessment models commonly used in climate policy development. The study examines model and parametric uncertainties for population, total factor productivity, and climate sensitivity. It esti...

Climate policy decisions are being made despite layers of uncertainty. Such decisions directly influence the potential for "dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system." We mapped a metric for this concept, based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment of climate impacts, onto probability distributions of future climate change produced from uncertainty in key pa...

Integrated assessment models (IAMs) combine simple models of the carbon cycle and of the response of the climate system to changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration with models of economic growth that incorporate the effects of imposing a carbon tax. They calculate the resulting social utility after estimated damages from climate change and costs of measures adopted – as a resul...

This paper examines how optimal prevention and control policies depend on the economic and biological characteristics of a randomly introduced biological invasion where the objective is to minimize the expected social costs from prevention, control, and invasion damages. The results characterize how optimal prevention and control policies vary with the initial invasion size, the invasion growth...

Urbanism in third world and developing countries compared to that of developed countries has been increased with much more speed. From consequences of the population increase and accelerated growth of population in cities, reference can be lead to many problems such as increase of unemployment rate, housing problems, social anomalies, increase in crime and delinquency. Vandalism in public space...