In the present work, failure of a snow slab is analyzed by accounting Normal mode criteria. The analysis has been extended to include residual stress into the model (in addition to body forces). Intensity of crack energy release rate, and displacement components have been derived and their values have been estimated. The obtained results have been compared with the existing snow slab failure mo...

Currently available snow pack monitoring methods are limited due to spatial resolution or to adequate weather and secure avalanche conditions. Snow pack monitoring is impossible if the method is destructive as snow probing and thereby the use for avalanche forecasts limited. Ultrasonic snow height sensors are not feasible for an application in snow deposition areas along ridges or in avalanche ...

In this work, X band images acquired by COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) on alpine environment have been analyzed for investigating snow characteristics and their effect on backscattering variations. Preliminary results confirmed the capability of simultaneous optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images (Landsat-8 and CSK) in separating snow/no-snow areas and in detecting wet snow. The sensitivity of b...

Snow albedo feedback is one of the most crucial feedback processes that control equilibrium climate sensitivity, which is a central parameter for better prediction of future climate change. However, persistent large discrepancies and uncertainties are found in snow albedo feedback estimations. Remotely sensed snow cover products, atmospheric reanalysis data and radiative kernel data are used in...

Using five-year (2001–2005) ground-observed snow depth and cloud cover data at 20 climatic stations in Northern Xinjiang, China, this study: 1) evaluates the accuracy of the 8-day snow cover product (MOD10A2) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Terra satellite, 2) generates a new snow cover time series by separating the MODIS cloud masked pixels as snow and land, and ...

The experimental pathogenesis of Aeromonas salmonicida for the sea trout (Salmo trutta) and the brown trout (Salmo fario) in sea and brackish waters was examined by contact between infected and healthy fishes. Sea trout and brown trout both acquired infection by contact with infected S. fario at salinity values from 2-54 yo to 3.3 I yo (wlw) when water temperatures ranged from 5.6" to 14.5". Th...

Despite the importance of predator recognition in mediating predator-prey interactions, we know little about the specific characteristics that prey use to distinguish predators from non-predators. Recent experiments indicate that some prey who do not innately recognize specific predators as threats have the ability to display antipredator responses upon their first encounter with those predator...

Rainbow trout are classified as Oncorhynchus mykiss, and as such belong to the same genus as Pacific salmon, and to the family Salmonidae, which includes Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), various trout (Salvelinus sp.), Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) and whitefish (Coregonus sp.). Rainbow trout are native to areas around the North Pacific Ocean, from souther...

Rainbow and brown trout have been intentionally introduced into tailwaters downriver of dams globally and provide billions of dollars in economic benefits. At the same time, recruitment and maximum length of trout populations in tailwaters often fluctuate erratically, which negatively affects the value of fisheries. Large recruitment events may increase dispersal downriver where other fish spec...