with the advent of shāhabbās, the safavid dynasty enjoyed its pinnacle of power. in this era, thanks to the endurance of cultural traditions and long reign of the safavids, and also the extraordinary patronage of artists by the court, the strengthening and establishing of art became realized. shāhabbās’ accession to the throne caused significant political change and as a result, many traditiona...

Many people on both sides of the Atlantic are unaware of the glaring facts of the massive French involvement in the slave trade: that more slaves were brought to the tiny island of Martinique than to all the United States; that in 1789, Saint-Domingue supplied over half of France’s overseas trade and had a slave population of half a million, more than all the other French and British West Indie...

Despite having key implications for fundamental political science questions, slavery as a global phenomenon has received little attention in the field. We argue that played an important role state-building and international order formation. To counter historical U.S./Atlantic bias, we draw evidence mostly from Middle East, Africa, Asia. identify two slave-based paths to state construction. A “s...