Patient choice is not new to the National Health Service (NHS). The nationalisation of hospitals at the founding of the NHS made it possible for a patient to go to any NHS hospital with a referral from a general practitioner (GP). In practice, however, GPs made these decisions on behalf of their patients and, for the majority of the 60-odd years since the inception of the NHS, patient flows to ...

This commentary gives a personal perspective on modeling and modeling developments in cognitive science, starting in the 1950s, but focusing on the author's personal views of modeling since training in the late 1960s, and particularly focusing on advances since the official founding of the Cognitive Science Society. The range and variety of modeling approaches in use today are remarkable, and f...

Abstract Taking place amid a global pandemic, the 2021 Senedd Election saw Welsh Labour returned as largest party at sixth consecutive occasion since institution’s founding in 1999. Results for opposition parties were mixed: Conservatives achieved their highest ever vote share but seat tally fell short of pre-election expectations, and Plaid Cymru again made little progress. Using data from Stu...

The Experimental Biology 2012 meeting in San Diego, CA, included events to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the founding of the American Physiological Society (APS) and reflect on the recent accomplishments of the society. Most of the APS activities in the past quarter century were guided by a series of strategic plans. Membership in the APS increased by 76% since 1987, and there are now 8,34...

We investigate the impact of founding family ownership structure on the agency cost of debt. We find that founding family ownership is common in large, publicly traded firms and is related, both statistically and economically, to a lower cost of debt financing. Our results are consistent with the idea that founding family firms have incentive structures that result in fewer agency conflicts bet...

We analyze the effects of founding conditions on the survival of new firms. We allow the effects of founding conditions to be transitory and estimate how long such effects last. Our findings indicate that founding effects are important determinants of exit rates. Moreover, in most cases, their effect on survival seems to persist without much of an attenuation for several years after the foundin...

vitex agnus castus (chasteberry) is a popular treatment for the management of female reproductive disorders including corpus luteum insufficiency, premenstrual syndrome (pms), menopausal symptoms, and insufficient milk production. according to developing situation of complementary medicine, and frequent use of this herb, it is important to examine its effects during pregnancy. in this research ...

Greetings This month marks the two-year anniversary of the founding of "Biomedical Engineering OnLine." As it is customary to mark such occasions one way or another, and since I am the editor, I am contributing an editorial. I sometimes think that there is a human gene that is activated on anniversaries and so helps us to remember significant events. Putting it in writing insures the memory las...