Macroporous silicon (MPS) is a versatile material that since its origin in the early 1990s has seen intense research and has found applications in many fields. MPS is a key technology in photonic crystals research, and optic and photonic applications are its main applications. However, this chapter is devoted to several of the non-photonic uses of MPS. In particular, new electronic and MEMS dev...

The field of microfluidics has seen breath-taking progress since its beginnings in the 1980s and early 1990s. While much of the initial work was a by-product of mainstream micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and silicon based fabrication schemes, soon a specialized research field developed. Over the last decade a strong, highly interdisciplinary microfluidics community emerged with roots in...

Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the mid-1990s, antiretroviral therapy (ART) options have expanded considerably to include simpler, safer, and more tolerable regimens. This has included new options for initial regimens for treatment-naive patients as well as regimens for treatment-experienced patients with extensive drug resistance. Current regimen options are e...

LLE Review, Volume 100 269 Introduction Since their discovery in the early 1990s by Iijima,1 carbon nanotubes have become the focus of intense interest by a vast number of scientists and engineers. The main reason behind such wide-ranging attention lies in their unique electrical,2 mechanical,3 thermal,3 and optical properties.4 Furthermore, from their size and structure, carbon nanotubes provi...

Since the early 1990s, transnational non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have often been perceived as the spearhead of an emerging global civil society (e.g. Keane 2001). This is particularly due to their heightened role in the informal talks at the UN world summits during the last decade (Clark et al. 1998). Although an euphoric media coverage has certainly infiated the activities of such ci...

(2) Downward infrared radiation Measurements of downward infrared radiation have been conducted since the early 1990s at Tsukuba. A time-series representation of five-year running mean downward infrared radiation until 2010 shows an increasing trend at a rate of about 0.4 W/m per year (Figure 3.3-5). This is consistent with the trend seen in the results of analysis using data from all BSRN stat...

New radio observations of the radio-jet X-ray binary Circinus X-1 over nearly an entire 16.6-day orbit are presented. The source continues to undergo radio flaring in the phase interval 0.0 – 0.2 and appears to be brightening since observations in the early 1990s. The radio flux density is well correlated with simultaneous soft Xray monitoring from the XTE ASM, including a secondary flare event...

Since the early 1990s, Amartya Sen and Mahbub al Haq advocated for a model of development that would enable individuals and communities to “lead the kind of life they choose”. This view of development, predicated on investing in human capabilities and opportunities, has resulted in widespread improvements in non-economic areas of development, notably in education and health. Measuring the succe...